@article {1430781,
	title = {The von Willebrand factor D{\textquoteright}D3 assembly and structural principles for factor VIII binding and concatemer biogenesis},
	journal = {Blood},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019 Jan 14},
	abstract = {D assemblies comprise half of von Willebrand factor yet are of unknown structure. D1 and D2 in the prodomain and D{\textquoteright}D3 in mature VWF at Golgi pH form helical VWF tubules in Weibel Palade bodies and template dimerization of D3 through disulfides to form ultralong VWF concatemers. D{\textquoteright}D3 forms the binding site for factor VIII. The crystal structure of monomeric D{\textquoteright}D3 with cysteine residues required for dimerization mutated to alanine was determined at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-like pH. The smaller C8-3, TIL3 and E3 modules pack through specific interfaces as they wind around the larger, N-terminal, Ca-binding VWD3 module to form a wedge shape. D{\textquoteright} with its TIL{\textquoteright} and E{\textquoteright} modules projects away from D3. The two mutated cysteines implicated in D3 dimerization are buried, providing a mechanism for protecting them against premature disulfide linkage in the ER where intrachain disulfide linkages are formed. D3 dimerization requires co-association with D1 and D2, Ca, and Golgi-like acidic pH. Associated structural rearrangements in the C8-3 and TIL3 modules are required to expose cysteine residues for disulfide linkage. Our structure provides insight into many von Willebrand disease mutations including those that diminish FVIII binding, which suggest that factor VIII binds not only to the N-terminal TIL{\textquoteright} domain of D{\textquoteright} distal from D3 but also extends across one side of D3. The organizing principle for the D3 assembly has implications for other D assemblies and the construction of higher order, disulfide-linked assemblies in the Golgi in both VWF and mucins.},
	issn = {1528-0020},
	doi = {10.1182/blood-2018-10-876300},
	author = {Dong, Xianchi and Leksa, Nina C and Chhabra, Ekta Seth and Arndt, Joseph W and Lu, Qi and Knockenhauer, Kevin E and Peters, Robert T and Springer, Timothy A.}
}
